Physiology of micturition

Detrusor muscle of bladder recieves inhibitory signals by sympathetic hypogastric nerve (not in humans) and  excitatory from parasympathetic pelvic nerves .

Pudendal nerve supplies external urethral sphincter

Sympathetic supply from L1 - L2 region of spinal cord

Parasympathetic and pudendal nerve arise fron S2, S3, S4 segments of spinal cord.

Control from higher centres includes pons storage centre and pons micturition centre which recieves signals also from cerebral cortex.

Diuretics

5 classes of diuretics

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Loop diuretics

Thiazide diuretics

Potassium sparing diuretics

Osmotic diuretics

Remember water is absorbed secondary to reabsorption of solute.

Obligatory reabsorption of water occurs in proximal tubule

Facultative (when required) occurs when ADH is present. 

Best of luck

Best of luck for semester exams to all the students...

Work hard, perform good

Sleep satisfied

Role of kidney in acid base balance

This is the last topic of renal system before the exams.

Little difficult to understand.

But remember the KISS principle (Keep It Simple, Stupid!)

Any problem, be proactive and ask. We can help you only when u r ready to ask.

I will post the questions after your exams as this topic is not included in the exam portion.

Be alive, be kicking (not in literal sense)

How to download the powerpoint from the blog

I have been taking feedback from u ppl

It was a common problem, that u r unable to download the powerpoint.

This is a descrition of how to do that.

The picture below shows the appearance of uploaded ppt.

You have to click on  the mark jyst besides the arrow and it will open a menu asking whether u want to download a copy. . When u click on 'download the copy' ppt will start downloading.
.
Hope this helps.

If there is any other problem, plz let me know.

Tubular function continued

Glomerular filtrate quantity 180L /day

Urine formation - 1-2 L/day

The composition of glomerular filtrate and urine are very different.

So, its the tubule in between which is changing the quantity and the quality of the tubular fluid.

What does it do ?

How it does that ?

Is it regulated ?

Proximal tubule sodium , glucose, amino acid and water reabsorption.....

Intercalated cells secrete hydrogen

Principal cell secrete potassium.

Triggers - basics...read and discuss if not on post individually

Some triggers, which students must know for understanding the basics of excretory system and rather every system

1.Forces driving passive transport of uncharged and charged solute

2. Forces driving passive transport of solvent

For excretory:

Tubuloglomerular feedback....A must must know

Forces driving filtration of fluid through glomerular barrier (easier to understand if you know point no. 2)

Layer of glomerular barrier to filtration

See if you have any problem with these.....you can post ur query or you can ask in person