Smooth muscles

Must know :

List the differences between single unit and multiunit smooth muscle.

List the functional differences between smooth and skeletal muscle.

Give the difference in excitation contraction coupling of smooth and skeletal muscle.

Nice to know

What is Basal Electrical rythm/slow waves ?

What is the advantage of latch bridge in smooth muscle?

What is stress relaxation?

Nerve injury

Must know:

Briefly describe Wallerian degeneration

Nice to know:

Classify grades nerve injury according to severity

What is denervation hypersensitivity ?

Work physiology

Must know:

What is isotonic and isometric contraction ? Give one example of each

Give differences between isotonic and isotonic contractions

Define incomplete and complete tetanus.

Define motor unit. What is size principle ?

Enumerate differences between red and white type of muscle fibres.

                                               OR

Enumerate differences between type 1 and type II muscle fibres.

Nice to know;

Name the two mechanisms for gradation of force in skeletal muscle.

Excitation contraction coupling

Must know

Draw a diagram showing the location of DHPR and RYR in sarcotubular system

Briefly describe the molecular basis of muscle contraction.

What is power stroke in relation to crossbridge cycling?

With the help of a flowchart describe the steps in excitation contraction coupling
                                                      OR
With the help of a flowchart describe the steps involved in contraction and relaxation of muscle.
                                                       OR
Describe the moleculat basis of muscle contraction

Briefly describe crossbridge cycling.

What is rigor mortis?

Nice to know

Briefly explain malignant hyperthermia.

Functional anatomy of skeletal muscle

Draw a labelled diagram of sarcomere

What is sarcoplasmic triad ? OR What is sarcotubular system ?

Describe sarcotubular system with the help of a labelled diagram.

What is I band, A band, H zone, M line in sarcomere ?

Name 2 contractile and 2 noncontractile muscle proteins. / List muscle proteins.

Neuromuscular transmission

Must know:

Draw a labelled diagram of neuromuscular junction

Briefly explain the steps in neuromuscular transmission.

What is myasthenia gravis ?

What is the effect of botulinum toxin in neuromuscular transmission ?

Classify neuromuscular blockers. Give 2 examples of each.

Name 2 drugs that block the breakdown of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction.

What is end plate potential and miniature end plate potential ?

Properties of nerve fibers

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Name the properties of nerve fibers

Briefly explain the propagation of action potential along a myelinated nerve.

What is saltatory conduction ?

Define All or None law

Define accomodation

What is compound action potential ? How is it different from action potential

Name the parameters on which Erlanger and Gasser classified nerve fibers

Give Erlanger and Gasser classification of nerve fibers/Classify nerves based on size and function

Name 3 physical factors affecting conducting velocity in nerve fibers

Action potential

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Must know questions:

What are excitable tissues?

Define action potential

Draw a labeled diagram of action potential

Briefly explain different phases of action potential

Briefly explain the ionic basis of action potential

What is absolute and relative refractory period ?

Tabulate the differences between graded potential and action potential 

Nice to know:

Name one sodium channel blocker

Resting membrane potential

Must know:

Enumerate and explain the various factors responsible for the genesis of RMP. 

Explain the role of Na K ATPase (in generation of RMP)

Nice to know:

What is equilibrium potential?

Blood groups

1. Define Landsteiner’s law
2. List the uses of blood grouping
3. Who is universal donor & universal acceptor. Are these concepts relevant today?
4. List the hazards of mismatched blood transfusion{Transfusion reactions}
5. What are the indications, precautions of blood transfusion?
6. Name few systems of blood grouping.
7. What is the basis of ABO blood grouping & Rh typing?
8. What is major, minor cross matching?
9. What is Erythobalstosis fetalis

WBC and immunity

1. Classify WBC’s. With the help of a table describe the features of each.
2. What is immunity ? 
3. Classify immunity and briefly explain innate and acquired immunity
4. What is the difference between acquired & innate immunity
5. Briefly explain phagocytosis.
6. Explain the role of following cells in immune response: Neutophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte, Macrophage, T lymphocytes, B lymphocyte, NK cells
7. Define leukemia & leukamoid reaction 
8. Name the causes of leucopenia, leucocytosis.
9. What is Arneth index?
10. What is Reticulo-endothelial system (Mononuclear macrophage system)? What are its functions?
11. What is Passive immunity (natural & artificial)?
12. What is Active immunity (natural & artificial)?
13. Describe the functions of antibodies.
14. Name the different types of T cell
15. What are T Helper cells?
16. What is Complement system? What are its functions?
17. Name the types of Immune disorders.
18. What is MHC Complex?
19. Explain cell mediated immunity. List the various cells involved in it.
20. Explain humoral immunity, List the functions of antibodies.
21. Name the WBCs responsible for killing intracellular & extracellular organism 

Platelets

Must must know

What are the 3 events the lead to complete stoppage of bleeding after injury?

What is normal platelet count? When it is called as thrombocytopenia?

What are the causes of thrombocytopenia ?  

Give 4 functions of platelets or What are the functions of platelets ?

Briefly explain the role of platelets in homeostasis.

What is the difference between primary & secondary hemostasis?

What should be the next step you will take in a dengue patient when platelet count

goes below 20,000? Justify your answer.

Platelets buds from ____________cyte.

Define bleeding time? Name two methods used to determine bleeding time? What is its

significance? Give its normal value?

Nice to know ( physiological basis of use of certain drugs)

Name  one drug which is ADP receptor antagonist? When will you advice it?

Name one one drug which is gpIIb/IIIa antagonist? What are its uses

Anemia

What are blood or hematological indices? How are they calculated ?

Classify anemia based on hematological indices (blood indices i.e MCH, MCV, MCHC)

Classify anemia based on etiology

Briefly explain iron deficiency anemia

Briefly explain Vit B12 and folic acid deficiency anemia

Erythrocytes

What are the functions of hemoglobin/

What are the functions of RBC

What is polycythemia? What are its physiological and pathological causes

Must must know

Stages and regulation of erythropoiesis

Types of jaundice

Must know

What is plasma?

What is the difference between plasma & serum?

What is packed cell volume (PCV)?

What is hematocrit?

Name important plasma proteins. Give their normal value.

Give normal value of albumin:globulin ratio. What is its significance?

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

Plasma protein contributing maximum to osmotic pressure is ____________ . Give reason for your answer.

For equal amount fibrinogen contributes more to viscosity as compared to albumin.

Justify this statement.

Transport across cell membrane

Expected questions

Classification of transport mechanisms

Properties of passive transport

Properties of active transport

Examples of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, cotransport and antiport.

Differences between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Differences between passive and active transport

Differences between primary active and secondary active transport

Short note on sodium potassium ATPase

Functions of sodium potassium ATPase

Why glucose is added with salt in oral rehydration therapy ?


Visit later for MCQ's..........

Ventilation perfusion ratio and dead space

Sorry, simply forgot to upload this powerpoint of my last lecture

Was very well reminded by one of the students

Thanks

Saturday (31st Jan) 2- 4 pm Integrated teaching Instructions

Prerequisite For Students For IGT 

—Must bring the text books

—

—Must read the problem displayed  & come prepared for discussion

—

—Any individual from the groups will be asked to present

Group division will be as follows :

	Group 1	Group 2
Batch 1	1 - 12	126 - 137
Batch 2	13 - 25	138 - 150
Batch 3	26 – 40	151 - 163
Batch 4	41 - 54	164 - 178
Batch 5	55 - 67	179 - 191
Batch 6	68 - 80	192 - 205
Batch 7	81 - 93	206 - 218
Batch 8	94 - 106	219 - 231
Batch 9	107 - 115	232 - 240
Batch 10	116 - 125	241 - 250

Please find the problems to be discussed at this link. case problems

Post your problem areas

Students can post their problem areas in understanding and concept from any topic.

I will try to sort your problem online with simplified flow charts, some written text and may be even 

a powerpoint animated slide which is downloadable

Also you can email to doc.richa83@gmail.com

Thought for the day :

Never mind what others do

Do better than youself

Physiology of micturition

Detrusor muscle of bladder recieves inhibitory signals by sympathetic hypogastric nerve (not in humans) and  excitatory from parasympathetic pelvic nerves .

Pudendal nerve supplies external urethral sphincter

Sympathetic supply from L1 - L2 region of spinal cord

Parasympathetic and pudendal nerve arise fron S2, S3, S4 segments of spinal cord.

Control from higher centres includes pons storage centre and pons micturition centre which recieves signals also from cerebral cortex.

Diuretics

5 classes of diuretics

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Loop diuretics

Thiazide diuretics

Potassium sparing diuretics

Osmotic diuretics

Remember water is absorbed secondary to reabsorption of solute.

Obligatory reabsorption of water occurs in proximal tubule

Facultative (when required) occurs when ADH is present.